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A female in a green sweater pours a green smoothie from a blender into a glassShare on Pinterest
To maximize the heart-healthy antioxidant lutein in a green spinach smoothie, try adding coconut milk or cow’s milk, a new study suggests. Kseniya Ovchinnikova/Getty Images
  • To get the best out of the antioxidants in spinach in a green smoothie use coconut milk, or medium- or high-fat milk in the drink, a new study suggests.
  • One particularly beneficial antioxidant is lutein — a carotenoid associated with improving eye and heart health — which must be liberated from the spinach to be absorbed by the digestive system.
  • Soy milk, whipped cream, and Greek yogurt all fared poorly at liberating lutein, according to the study results.

One of the most popular sources of “green” in a green smoothie is spinach.

In addition to a broad assortment of nutrients, spinach delivers important plant compounds such as the antioxidant lutein. Lutein supports eye health and heart health due to its anti-inflammatory properties.

A new study compared 14 liquids commonly used in smoothies to determine which one would be best at liberating lutein from spinach for absorption by the human intestine. It revealed that not all spinach-based green smoothies are equal.

The findings show that spinach smoothies containing coconut milk with or without additives, and high-fat and medium-fat cow’s milk are best for liberating lutein.

Coconut milk without additives increased lutein release by 42%, and with additives by 25%. High-fat cow milk increased lutein availability by 36%, while medium-fat cow milk did so by 30%.

Soy milk surprisingly had the opposite effect, reducing lutein liberation by 61%. For smoothies with soy milk plus additives, the result is better at 40%.

Almond milk and oat milk had no significant effect on lutein liberation.

The study was recently published in MDPI.

“Spinach is rich in dietary nitrates which helps to dilate the arteries, allowing for better blood flow and lower blood pressure,” says Michelle Routhenstein, RD, heart health dietitian at EntirelyNourished.com.

Spinach contains vitamins C and K, as well as carotenoids from which our bodies produce vitamin A.

This dark leafy green also contains iron, folic acid, and calcium, as well as numerous plant-based compounds in addition to lutein. These include kaempferol, nitrates, quercetin, and zeaxanthin.

Cooking spinach can reduce its nutritional value, as can freezing, so raw, uncooked spinach in a smoothie offers the greatest health benefits.

Research has demonstrated that sufficient amounts of lutein can prevent or improve age-related macular degeneration. This is the leading cause of age-related blindness and otherwise poor vision.

In addition, Rosanna WS Chung, Ph.D., lead investigator of the new study, told MedicalNewsToday:

“Many previous studies, including my own, showed indications that lutein could suppress the key process of inflammation, so increased daily intake of lutein could potentially be beneficial to people suffering from chronic inflammation such as coronary artery disease.”

To be absorbed efficiently by our digestive system, explained Dr. Chung, lutein requires a minimum amount of fat.

“However, we generally do not eat enough lutein-rich foods to obtain enough lutein in our system for any noticeable health benefits,” Dr. Chung noted.

She added that determines the optimal amount of lutein for eye and heart health is a topic for future research.

The researchers did not test fruit juices, often used in smoothies, in the study.

“Lutein is not soluble in water, while our food and gut environment is full of water,” said Dr. Chung. Since lutein liberation requires emulsification with fats, “The components in fruit juices and fruits are unlikely to affect lutein liberation,” he said.

However, the very high-fat liquids tested in the study proved not to increase lutein liberation. These included whipped cream and Greek yogurt.

“Whipping cream and Greek yogurt are manufactured very differently, with significantly different compositions compared to cow’s milk,” Dr. Chung added.

“We think that the reason why whipping cream and Greek yogurt are less effective in lutein liberation is because the milk fat in these two products tends to aggregate, which affects their ability to dissolve lutein. Milk fat tends to aggregate in high concentrations (whipping cream) and after fermentation (yogurt).”

– Rosanna WS Chung, Ph.D., lead author of the study

“Some types of nuts such as walnuts and almonds contain certain types of soluble fibers which can reduce fat absorption. So, in theory, lutein could also be affected during co-consumption with these nuts,” suggested Dr. Chung. This remains to be confirmed in further research, he noted.

Although having a high-fat liquid in the smoothie may seem counterintuitive, Routhenstein noted MNT that fat is needed to aid the absorption later on.

“While plant-based milks were found in this study to be lutein reducers, it is important to note that lutein is a fat-soluble antioxidant. This means it needs fat to be absorbed, so you may be able to enjoy these plant-based milks as long as you are adding in a heart-healthy fat to help with lutein absorption,” she said.

In addition, and beyond lutein liberation, fruits also deliver helpful nutrients in a smoothie, pointed out by Routhenstein.

“Whole fruits that are rich in vitamin C like kiwi, mangoes, and strawberries can increase the absorption of plant-based iron found in spinach. It is best to use whole foods versus a fruit juice to avoid excess sugar intake which can increase inflammation in the body.”

– Michelle Routhenstein, RD, heart health dietitian

The key to getting more antioxidants out of the foods people eat also lies in the way they consume them.

“We previously found that consumption methods could make a significant difference in the levels of lutein from spinach. Using the optimal consumption method, ie, smoothie-making, we found that food companion also matters significantly,” Dr. Chung said.

“I hope people will start to pay more attention to these two important factors (ie, consumption methods and food encounters) when they eat,” Dr. Chung added.

“We as scientists should also study these two factors a lot more,” she said.